Furukawa Handout - Tokyo_Bay_Keita 1-中国南海研究院.pdf 
Furukawa Handout - Tokyo_Bay_Keita 1-中国南海研究院.pdf
Sustainable Management of Tokyo Bay Keita Furukawa Dr.(Eng.) Tokyo Bay at a Glance (Part 1:Development) History of Development, Environmental Degradation and Its Recovery • Geological Development and Ecosystems • Geological Development • Tidal flat (dynamics, foods, Dottari) • Seagrass meadows (ecosystem services) • Ecosystem Services / ICM / Sato-umi • History of Tokyo Bay & Edo as a typical coastal city • River management (water supply, flood control) • Transportation (importance of sea lane, canal, port and Kashi) • Swage system • Garbage management system (collection, transportation, reclamation) • Edo-mae / fisheries management (Iso-netsuke, Oki-iriai) • Security / Daiba, Kaiho • Leisure: Duck ponds / Hama-rikyu, Shinhama-ko • Development and Conservation • Port construction • Reclamation / Chuou-bouhatei • Pollution control / TDL management by MOE • Tokyo Bay Renaissance Project Tokyo Bay Where it is? 4 5 Center for Coastal Developmnets 関東地方整備局：東京湾百選より 6 Center for Maritime Transports 関東地方整備局：東京湾百選より 7 Nature and Human Use 関東地方整備局：東京湾百選より 8 Geological Development and Ecosystems Geological Development Tidal flat (dynamics, foods, Dottari) Seagrass meadows (ecosystem services) Ecosystem Services / ICM / Sato-umi th (c)(a) Pre IceAge: age:Age 6,000 yeas ago (d)20 Centuries (b)Ise 20,000 years ago Post Ice 120k years ago Tokyo Bay as a“River” After Kaizuka (1993) 10 Tidal Flats as Important Assets of Tokyo Bay 関東地方整備局：東京湾百選より 11 Tidal Flats have… Coastal Ecosystem Dynamics and Flux Global Effects (SLR, Climate Change) Accretion, Turbation Regulated by Hydraulics super-tidal sub-tidal tidal In Coastal Zone… from “Sea shore of Osaka” In Coastal Zone… Super-tidal Tidal Sub-tidal Sessiles Fiddle Crab Rock Crab Reed field Migrating Bird Mud Skipper Sea grass Gastropod Snails Barnacle Crab Oyster Crab Goby Benthos Nekton Crab Mud Crub Sand worm Sandworm Bio Diversity in Gene, Species & Habitats from “Sea shore of Osaka” Network of Living Creatures (Food Web) Multiple connections Consumers （Primary, Secondary） Decomporser Producers Microbial loop 15 Wealth of Shallows Tidal flats Wetlands Seagrass meadows Shallows, banks Deep 10km Photo by T. Hayashi, Chiba Museum 1800年代の伊能中図と明治41年（1908 年）「東京湾漁場図」の重ね合わせ 16 Tidal Flats its Harvests and Maintenance Dottari for maintain foreshore tidalflats, Oota-ku local history museum アマモ類の自然再生ガイドラインより 写真・工藤孝浩氏 18 Start point for Environmental Valuation Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: •International Collaborative Research of WRI, UNDP and WB •Initiated by CBD, CCD and RAMSAR •180 countries have been adopted Millennium Assessment Ecosystem Services - Provisioning (e.g. food, fresh water, fuel, genetic resources) - Regulating (e.g. climate, water, natural hazard mitigation) - Cultural (e.g. spiritual, aesthetic) - Supporting (e.g. primary production, Nutrient cycling) Life on Earth: Biodiversity Global Regional Local Human Well-being & Poverty Reduction - Health security - Environmental security - Economic security - Cultural Security - Equity Happy Life Decision Making Indirect Drivers of Change - Demographic - Economic (e.g. trade, subsides, markets) - Sociopolitical (e.g. governance, institutional & legal framework) - Science & technology - Cultural & religious (e.g. choices about what and much to consume) Human Relation Government Ecosystem Services Direct Drivers of Change - Provisioning (e.g. food, fresh water, fuel, genetic resources) - Regulating (e.g. climate, water, natural hazard mitigation) - Cultural (e.g. spiritual, aesthetic) - Supporting (e.g. primary production, Nutrient cycling) - Changes in local land use and land cover - Species removals and/or invasive introductions - Eutrophication and pollution - Hydraulic infrastructure development - Water abstraction - Climate change Diversity Privates Nature Relation Science & Tech. Life on Earth: Biodiversity RAMSAR Convention, Wise Use of Wetlands, 2007 写真・工藤孝浩氏 Direct (Natural) Limiting Factors for Eel grass habitats High waves - Climates - Topography, Fetch - Tidal change Hydraulic Incidents Washed away Solar insolation - Seasonal change - Climates - Geography Attenuation of underwater lights - Plankton growth - Suspended matters Sediment Incidents Photosynthesis Incidents Die Guidelines for Eel grass Restoration, In-direct Limiting Factors for Eel grass Restoration Conference （Decision Making） Organizing Committee Land WG Sea WG 2003-2012 10 years plan 参加機関 内閣官房地域活性化統合事務局、 国土交通省、海上保安庁、農林 水産省、林野庁、水産庁、環境 省、埼玉県、千葉県、東京都、 神奈川県、横浜市、川崎市、千 葉市、さいたま市、相模原市 Proposal Fisheries Monitoring WG Cooperation Tokyo Bay Restoration Action Plan PPP Forum for Tokyo Bay Restoration Gov. Tokyo Bay as Friendly, Beautiful, Rich Habitat for Edo-mae and Comfort Play ground 24 Diverse joy of People / Children 東京湾のよくするために行動する会HPより Global Regional Local Human Well-being & Poverty Reduction - Health security - Environmental security - Economic security - Cultural Security - Equity Happy Life Decision Making 東京湾のよくするために行動する会HPより Indirect Drivers of Change - Demographic - Economic (e.g. trade, subsides, markets) Proposal - Sociopolitical (e.g. governance, institutional & Fisheries PPP Forum legal framework) for Tokyo - Science & technology Bay Cooperation Restoration - Cultural & religious (e.g. choices about what Gov. Tokyo Bay Restoration Action Plan and much to consume) Human Relation Government Conference （Decision Making） 2003-2012 10 years plan 参加機関 内閣官房地域活性化統合事務局、 国土交通省、海上保安庁、農林 水産省、林野庁、水産庁、環境 省、埼玉県、千葉県、東京都、 神奈川県、横浜市、川崎市、千 葉市、さいたま市、相模原市 Organizing Committee Land WG Sea WG Monitoring WG Tokyo Bay as Friendly, Beautiful, Rich Habitat for Edo-mae and Comfort Play ground Ecosystem Services Direct Drivers of Change - Provisioning (e.g. food, fresh water, fuel, genetic resources) - Regulating (e.g. climate, water, natural hazard mitigation) - Cultural (e.g. spiritual, aesthetic) - Supporting (e.g. primary production, Nutrient cycling) - Changes in local land use and land cover - Species removals and/or invasive introductions High waves Climates - --Eutrophication and pollution Solar insolation Topography, Fetch - Seasonal change Tidal change infrastructure development - -Hydraulic - Climates - Geography Hydraulic Incidents - Water abstraction Washed - Climate change Diversity Privates Nature Relation Science & Tech. Attenuation of underwater lights - Plankton growth - Suspended matters away Life on Earth: Biodiversity Sediment Incidents Photosynthesis Incidents Die RAMSAR Convention, Wise Use of Wetlands, 2007 Guidelines for Eel grass Restoration, History of Tokyo Bay & Edo as a typical coastal city River management Transportation Swage system Garbage management system Edo-mae / fisheries management Security / Daiba, Kaiho Leisure: Duck ponds / Hama-rikyu, Shinhama-ko 鈴木理生、江戸の川東京の川より 28 Sewages 29 Sewages 30 31 Umino Mori (海森)Project; Network of Forests and Seaside Park Winds Height 30m Garbage Garbage Garbage Garbage Dredged Sediments Recycled material Winds Terrace Basement 32 Sushi Tempura Edo-Mae: Originated in Tokyo Bay, Harvest of Sato-umi 10km Photo by T. Hayashi, Chiba Museum Photo byofY.geographical Sawada: Goby boats at Tokyozone bay map in 1960s Superpose mapfishing of 1800s and fisheries of 1908 33 Fisheries Management in Edo Era (1868～) • Conflicts between fisheries villages • In 1742, governments enacted ordinance of principal ”Isowa-netsuki-okiwa-iriai (reef is land based, offshore is shared based)” • In 1816, the Kanagawa Assembly has been called, and 44 villages representatives gathered. Agreed upon management principal and regulating fishing methods • In 1910, modernization of fisheries established by Fisheries Act (Fisheries Cooperatives, Fishing Rights are explicitly described) http://ja.Wikipedia.org/wili/倭寇 Fisheries in Edo Bay (Kanagawa Univ.) 34 Security Issues 鈴木理生、江戸の川東京の川より 「直正公品川台場巡視図」安静3年（1856年）／関東地方整備局、変わりゆく東京湾より 35 鈴木理生、江戸の川東京の川より 「直正公品川台場巡視図」安静3年（1856年）／関東地方整備局、変わりゆく東京湾より 36 鈴木理生、江戸の川東京の川より 「直正公品川台場巡視図」安静3年（1856年）／関東地方整備局、変わりゆく東京湾より 37 Development and Conservation Port construction Reclamation / Chuou-bouhatei Pollution control / TDL management by MOE Tokyo Bay Renaissance Project 2005年～2015年 1986年～2004年 1976年～1985年 1966年～1975年 1956年～1965年 1946年～1955年 1926年～1945年 39 Fish catch in Tokyo Bay Shells Seaweeds Crabs, Shrimps Others Reclamations (ha) Catch (x 1000 t) 180,000 t Maximum Diversity Year Cumulative Reclamated area (x 1000 ha) Fish 東京湾研究会（２０１５） 40 Improvement of Water Quality 42 アユ コノシ ロ Fish Diversity in Tokyo Bay More than 700 sps. シラウオ スズキ アオギス マコガレイ マアナゴ 二ホンウナギ イシガレイ サルエビ シバエビ タチウオ サヨリ マナマコ コウイ カ シャコ マハゼ マダコ ガザミ クルマエ ビ 43 Tokyo Bay Renaissance Project Conference （Decision Making） Organizing Committee 2003-2012 10 years plan 参加機関 内閣官房地域活性化統合事務局、 国土交通省、海上保安庁、農林 水産省、林野庁、水産庁、環境 省、埼玉県、千葉県、東京都、 神奈川県、横浜市、川崎市、千 葉市、さいたま市、相模原市 Tokyo Bay as Friendly, Beautiful, Rich Habitat and Monitoring WG Land WG Comfort Play ground Sea WG 44 Tokyo Bay Renaissance Project The 2nd Phase Conference （Decision Making） Organizing Committee Land WG Sea WG 2003-2012 10 years plan 参加機関 内閣官房地域活性化統合事務局、 国土交通省、海上保安庁、農林 水産省、林野庁、水産庁、環境 省、埼玉県、千葉県、東京都、 神奈川県、横浜市、川崎市、千 葉市、さいたま市、相模原市 Proposal Monitoring WG Cooperation Fisheries PPP Forum for Tokyo Bay Restoration Gov. Tokyo Bay as Friendly, Beautiful, Rich Habitat for Edo-mae and Comfort Play ground 45 Tokyo Bay Festival 2014 (1,400) , 2015 (92,000), 2016 (98,000) 2017 (34,000), 2018 (105,000) 46 Global Regional Local Human Well-being & Poverty Reduction Indirect Drivers of Change - Demographic - Economic (e.g. trade, subsides, markets) Fisheries PPPinstitutional Forum - Sociopolitical (e.g. governance, & for Tokyo Bay legal framework) Restoration - Science & technology Gov. - Cultural & religious (e.g. choices about what Tokyo Bay as Friendly, Beautiful, Rich Habitat for Edo-mae Comfort Play ground and much toand consume) Conference （Decision Making） - Health security - Environmental security - Economic security - Cultural Security - Equity Happy Life Decision Making 2003-2012 10 years plan Human Relation Government Organizing Committee Land WG Sea WG 参加機関 内閣官房地域活性化統合事務局、 国土交通省、海上保安庁、農林 水産省、林野庁、水産庁、環境 省、埼玉県、千葉県、東京都、 神奈川県、横浜市、川崎市、千 葉市、さいたま市、相模原市 Proposal Monitoring WG Cooperation 58 Ecosystem Services Direct Drivers of Change - Provisioning (e.g. food, fresh water, fuel, genetic resources) - Regulating (e.g. climate, water, natural hazard mitigation) - Cultural (e.g. spiritual, aesthetic) - Supporting (e.g. primary production, Edo-Mae: Originated in Tokyo Bay, Nutrient cycling) - Changes in local land use and land cover 14 - Species removals and/or invasive 12 introductions 10 - Eutrophication and pollution 8 - Hydraulic infrastructure development 6 4 - Water abstraction 2 - Climate change Diversity Privates Sushi 10km Tempura Harvest of Sato-umi Life on Earth: Biodiversity Photo byofY.geographical Sawada: Goby boats at Tokyozone bay map in 1960s Superpose mapfishing of 1800s and fisheries of 1908 Nature Relation Science & Tech. Photo by T. Hayashi, Chiba Museum 36 RAMSAR Convention, Wise Use of Wetlands, 2007 0 DO 3 Aug (mg/L)